What Is an MS Degree? Meaning, Types, and Benefits

Key Takeaways

• An MS degree provides focused, technical expertise that can accelerate your career in data-driven and analytical fields.
• MS programs offer flexible formats—especially for working professionals—while delivering deep, hands-on learning in specialized disciplines.
• Earning an MS can boost long-term earning potential, expand leadership opportunities, and position you as an expert in your chosen field.

In a rapidly evolving job market, professionals often reach a point where they need to deepen their technical expertise to break through to the next level of their careers. While experience is invaluable, roles in data science, finance, and technology demand technical skills that on-the-job training alone often cannot provide. This is where the Master of Science (MS) comes into play.

But what is an MS degree exactly? Is it just for scientists in lab coats, or can it help modern business leaders advance too?

An MS degree, or Master of Science, is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities in many countries. Unlike broader graduate degrees, an MS typically focuses on scientific, technical, or mathematical subjects, emphasizing analytical skills and practical application.

For students looking to elevate their expertise in a specific discipline—whether that’s business analytics, information systems, or finance—an MS degree offers a direct pathway to specialization. At the Leavey School of Business, we see firsthand how specialized MS programs empower students to become leaders who combine business acumen with ethical grounding, right here in the heart of Silicon Valley.

What Is an MS Degree?

An MS degree builds advanced expertise in a specific technical or analytical discipline. Unlike broader graduate programs, it focuses on data-driven problem-solving, quantitative methods, and the practical application of knowledge within a chosen field.

Structure and Duration

Most MS programs are designed to be rigorous and focused. They typically take one to two years to complete, depending on whether you attend full-time or part-time.

At the Leavey School of Business, our MS programs are intentionally structured to support students who want to continue working while advancing their technical expertise. Whether you’re already in the workforce or preparing to step into a more technical role, our programs’ flexibility allows you to grow your skills and accelerate your career without putting it on pause.

Academic Focus

The curriculum of an MS degree is generally narrow and deep. Rather than providing a broad overview of management topics like an MBA, an MS dives deep into the technical aspects of a specific field. For example, an MS in Marketing explores marketing analytics, consumer behavior data, and digital strategy—beyond general advertising concepts.

Types of MS Degrees

Because the "Master of Science" designation refers to the analytical nature of the study, you can find MS degrees across a vast array of disciplines.

STEM-Focused MS Degrees

Traditionally associated with science and technology, STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) programs are highly technical—but today, the STEM designation extends into business as well.

For instance, at the Leavey School of Business, our on-campus MS in Business Analytics, MS in Finance and Analytics, and MS in Information Systems are STEM-designated programs. This distinction is vital, particularly for international students, as it may offer extended Optional Practical Training (OPT) eligibility.

Business and Management MS Degrees

Business schools increasingly use the MS format to develop specialists rather than generalists—ideal for students who know which business function they want to master.

• Marketing: The MS in Marketing focuses on MarTech, brand management, and data-driven decision-making.
• Niche Industries: Specialized degrees, such as the MS in Sports Business, combine core business principles with executive mentorship specific to dynamic industries like sports management.

Health and Life Sciences MS Degrees

These degrees cater to the medical and biological fields, including nursing, public health, biotechnology, and clinical research. They often serve as precursors to medical school or as terminal degrees for advanced practitioners and researchers.

Social Sciences and Interdisciplinary MS Degrees

While the humanities often award Master of Arts degrees, fields like economics, psychology, and sociology frequently offer MS degrees when coursework emphasizes statistics, quantitative analysis, and research methodology.

Benefits of Earning an MS Degree

Why invest the time and tuition into a Master of Science? The return on investment (ROI) comes in several forms, from immediate salary bumps to long-term career trajectory.

Career Advancement and Specialization

In competitive markets such as Silicon Valley, specialized technical skills can set you apart. Employers are looking for candidates who can hit the ground running with specific technical skills. An MS degree signals to employers that you possess advanced knowledge in your field.

For example, the Leavey School of Business offers MS programs that integrate hands-on industry mentorship and networking, fostering graduates who are "Silicon Valley-ready."

Higher Earning Potential and Credibility

Education and earnings consistently rise together, and a master’s degree can meaningfully strengthen your long-term earning power—especially in technical and analytics-driven roles. Industry salary data supports this trend: PayScale reports that business analytics and finance professionals with an MS routinely command higher compensation than their bachelor’s-only peers. Beyond the paycheck, holding an MS degree adds a layer of professional credibility and industry recognition, positioning you as a subject matter expert in your organization.

Opportunities in Research, Academia, and Industry Leadership

An MS degree is often a prerequisite for doctoral studies, but its value isn’t limited to academia. In the corporate world, "research" translates to "innovation." Companies rely on MS graduates to lead R&D teams, drive data strategy, and implement complex systems. With over 10,000 Leavey School alumni working at leading tech firms, the trajectory from MS to industry leadership is well-documented.

Global Recognition and Flexibility

The MS is a globally recognized credential. Whether you work in San Francisco, London, or Singapore, the standards of a Master of Science are understood and respected. Furthermore, the rise of online and hybrid options has made these degrees more accessible than ever.

MS Degree vs. MA and MBA

Choosing the right graduate program can be confusing. Here’s how the MS stacks up against its closest counterparts.

MS vs. MA (Master of Arts)

The primary difference lies in the focus and methodology.

• Master of Arts: Typically focuses on humanities, arts, and social sciences. The approach is often theoretical, qualitative, and discussion-based.
• Master of Science: Focuses on scientific and technical fields. The approach is quantitative, analytical, and technical.

For instance, an MA in Economics might focus on economic theory and history, while an MS in Economics would focus heavily on econometrics and data modeling.

MS vs. MBA (Master of Business Administration)

This is the most common dilemma for business school applicants.

• The MBA: This is a broad degree designed to teach you how to run a business. It covers strategy, operations, HR, and general management. It’s ideal for career switchers or those aiming for C-suite generalist roles.
• The MS: This is a specialized degree, designed to make you an expert in one area of business. It’s ideal for those who want to deepen their skills in a specific function, like data analytics or finance.

Which one suits you?

If your goal is to manage large teams across different departments, an MBA might be the right choice. If your goal is to become a Head of Analytics, a CFO, or a Chief Marketing Officer who understands the data behind the decisions, a specialized MS is likely the better fit.

MS vs MBA vs MA Comparison

Feature	MS (Master of Science)	MBA (Master of Business Administration)	MA (Master of Arts)
Focus	Specialized technical or analytical expertise	Broad business leadership and management skills	Humanities or social sciences; theoretical, qualitative focus
Methodology	Data-driven, quantitative, research-oriented	Practical, case-based, leadership-focused	Theoretical, discussion-based, qualitative
Typical Duration	1-2 years	2 years	1-2 years
Ideal Candidate	Professionals seeking deep expertise in one area	Career switchers, aspiring general managers, or executives	Students focused on research or academic careers in social sciences & humanities
Career Outcomes	Specialist roles: data analyst, finance expert, marketing analytics, research, R&D	General management, executive leadership, entrepreneurship	Academia, research, policy analysis, certain social science roles
Prerequisites	Bachelor's degree; sometimes relevant work experience or quantitative skills	Bachelor's degree; work experience often required	Bachelor's degree; focus on relevant academic background
Best For	Deepening expertise in a specific function	Leading organizations or business units	Academic research or theory-heavy roles

Admission Requirements

Admissions for MS programs are competitive, focusing on your academic potential and technical aptitude. Even without a directly related undergraduate degree, strong quantitative aptitude or relevant work experience can qualify you for most MS programs.

Typical Prerequisites

• Bachelor’s Degree: You must hold an accredited undergraduate degree. While a related major is helpful, it isn’t always required. For example, at the Leavey School of Business, our MS programs do not strictly require full-time work experience; many students join with 1-3 years of experience or internships.
• Test Scores: Many programs require GRE or GMAT scores, though some schools—including Leavey—offer waivers for qualified candidates.
• GPA: A strong undergraduate GPA is generally expected to demonstrate academic readiness.

Application Components

• Personal Statement: This is your chance to explain more about yourself, why you want this specific specialization, and how it fits your career goals.
• Letters of Recommendation: These should come from faculty or supervisors who can vouch for your technical skills and work ethic.
• Resume/CV: Highlight relevant projects, internships, and technical skills.

How to Pick the Right MS Program

Selecting the right program is a decision that will shape your career for years to come.

Evaluate Your Career Goals

Start with the end in mind. Do you want to be a general manager or a technical expert? Look at the job descriptions for your dream roles—what degrees do those leaders hold?

Research Curriculum and Faculty

Not all MS degrees are created equal. Look for programs that offer "experiential learning"—real-world projects that allow you to apply what you learn.

Research the faculty. Are they purely academics, or do they actively shape industry practices while teaching? At Leavey, our Silicon Valley location allows students to learn from faculty who are defining the future of business.

Consider Location and Network

Your graduate school network is a powerful asset. Choosing a school located in a hub of industry innovation—like Silicon Valley—provides unmatched access to companies, startups, and recruiters.

Transform Your Future With an MS Degree

An MS degree is more than just a credential; it’s a transformation of your professional identity. It equips you with the specialized, high-demand skills that today’s employers are desperate for. Whether you are looking to pivot into business analytics, master the complexities of finance, or lead in the sports industry, an MS degree provides the technical foundation for ethical, impactful leadership.

At the Leavey School of Business, we educate ethical business leaders who drive meaningful impact. With a curriculum rooted in Jesuit values and shaped by the innovation of Silicon Valley, our MS programs are designed to elevate your career.

Ready to take the next step? Explore the specialized MS Programs at the Leavey School of Business and discover how you can elevate your expertise.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between MS and MSc?

There is no academic difference; "MS" is commonly used in the United States, while "MSc" is the standard abbreviation in the UK, Canada, and other Commonwealth nations.

Can I do an MS degree without a science background?

Yes, especially in business fields like marketing or finance; while quantitative aptitude is helpful, many programs offer foundational coursework to bridge the gap.

Are online MS degrees respected by employers?

Yes, online MS degrees from accredited, reputable institutions are highly respected, particularly when they offer the same curriculum and faculty as their on-campus counterparts.